How to Create Kubernetes(K8s) Cluster Home Lab using Ubuntu Server 24.04

A Kubernetes cluster is a set of nodes(computer or VM) that run containerized applications. It provides scalability, high availability, and automation for deployments. To build the K8s cluster home lab we use two nodes. one is a master node called kb1 and another is a worker node called kb2. Node configuration: Cpu: 2 Memory: 3GB Storage: 20GB Node Ip: kb1(master node): 192.168.0.112 kb2(worker node): 192.168.0.113 Note: Make sure ssh operation between two nodes is working Let's start configuration: Step 1: For all nodes Change the hostname(optional) and update the host file for network communication. To change hostname: sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "" Example: sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "kb1" Add the IP and hostname mapping on each node to update the network communication. Edit host file cd /etc/hosts Then add the mapping Example: 192.168.0.112 kb1 192.168.0.113 kb2 Step 2: For all nodes Disable the Swap and Load Kernel Modules sudo swapoff -a && sudo sed -i '/ swap / s/^$.*$$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab To load the kernel modules using modprobe. sudo modprobe overlay && sudo modprobe br_netfilter To permanently load these modules, create the file with the following content. sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf /dev/null 2>&1 sudo sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup \= false/SystemdCgroup \= true/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml Restart the containerd, to see the effect. sudo systemctl restart containerd To check the status of containerd. sudo systemctl status containerd Output: ● containerd.service - containerd container runtime Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service; enabled; preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2025-02-17 16:20:34 UTC; 2h 17min ago Docs: https://containerd.io Process: 738 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 741 (containerd) Tasks: 156 Memory: 201.3M (peak: 229.5M) CPU: 20min 13.594s CGroup: /system.slice/containerd.service ├─ 741 /usr/bin/containerd ├─ 1138 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 53e05d7bda37772f5869ec026de03b40d4ce532ba0303c42be5184994439b3bf -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 1139 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 5398ebda2355cad57be69e19bf098e4202fe259a61270ea9cc274b81f77977ab -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 1140 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id e4f1f987a5fb8db03db049b518fdfe6680b8c83617733de91620948c6bc00c95 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 1150 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 24d231aefec7bde2646ae123758907e5d464973705d8c0cd9d8db67756c19ef2 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 1547 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 4d7ddac790ef53cb30823d45ed4b675d54cf66694833158f8d15f0ba93b93e2c -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 2267 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 72b50ae3cea036f3b51e18bf9b900ccd46399fed052bf51a41bcea735062f413 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 2377 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 2fcb5f2766fc1ff28a8a020c10eb1aff4b1895eb7ade8af65c72bedd0a634ead -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock ├─ 2434 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id d6f43f441495e4a00387114d5d7462bc54b1a592bd41bc1ee1709d16d507633b -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock └─27675 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 2b645f1523cda54eb099d35542d77347071c2cdaef648a7e5559ec01779bac29 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock Step 4: For all nodes Add kubernetes package repository K8s packages are not available in the default package repositories of Ubuntu 24.04, so first we need to add the repository. First, download the public signing key for the Kubernetes package repository using the curl command. curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.30/deb/Release.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/k8s.gpg Next, add the repository echo 'deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/k8s.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.31/deb/ /' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/k8s.list Step 5: For all nodes Install K8s components like Kubeadm, Kubelet, and Kubectl to manage the Kubernetes cluster. sudo apt update sudo apt install kubelet kubeadm kubectl -y Step 6: For only master nodes Initialize the Kubernetes Cluster To initialize the control plane or master node using Kubeadm. sudo kubeadm init --control-plane-endpoint= Example: sudo kubeadm init --control-plane-endpoint=kb1 Output: As per instruction, run the following commands. mkdir -p $HOME/.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config Step 7: Fo

Feb 18, 2025 - 20:35

How to Create Kubernetes(K8s) Cluster Home Lab using Ubuntu Server 24.04

A Kubernetes cluster is a set of nodes(computer or VM) that run containerized applications. It provides scalability, high availability, and automation for deployments.

To build the K8s cluster home lab we use two nodes. one is a master node called kb1 and another is a worker node called kb2.

Node configuration:

Cpu: 2
Memory: 3GB
Storage: 20GB

Node Ip:

kb1(master node): 192.168.0.112
kb2(worker node): 192.168.0.113

Note: Make sure ssh operation between two nodes is working

Let's start configuration:

Step 1: For all nodes
Change the hostname(optional) and update the host file for network communication.

To change hostname:

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname ""

Example:

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "kb1"

Add the IP and hostname mapping on each node to update the network communication.

Edit host file

cd  /etc/hosts

Then add the mapping

Example:

192.168.0.112  kb1
192.168.0.113  kb2

Step 2: For all nodes
Disable the Swap and Load Kernel Modules

sudo swapoff -a && sudo sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab

To load the kernel modules using modprobe.

sudo modprobe overlay && sudo modprobe br_netfilter

To permanently load these modules, create the file with the following content.

sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf <<EOF
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

Next, add the kernel parameters like IP forwarding. Create a file and load the parameters using sysctl command.

sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf <<EOT
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOT

To load the above kernel parameters

sudo sysctl --system

Step 3: For all nodes
Install Containerd

First, install containerd dependencies,

sudo apt install -y curl gnupg2 software-properties-common apt-transport-https ca-certificates

Next, add containerd repository

sudo curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmour -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/containerd.gpg

sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"

Now, install containerd.

sudo apt update && sudo apt install containerd.io -y

Configure containerd so that it starts using SystemdCgroup.

containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml >/dev/null 2>&1 sudo sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup \= false/SystemdCgroup \= true/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml

Restart the containerd, to see the effect.

sudo systemctl restart containerd

To check the status of containerd.

sudo systemctl status containerd

Output:

● containerd.service - containerd container runtime
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Mon 2025-02-17 16:20:34 UTC; 2h 17min ago
       Docs: https://containerd.io
    Process: 738 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 741 (containerd)
      Tasks: 156
     Memory: 201.3M (peak: 229.5M)
        CPU: 20min 13.594s
     CGroup: /system.slice/containerd.service
             ├─  741 /usr/bin/containerd
             ├─ 1138 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 53e05d7bda37772f5869ec026de03b40d4ce532ba0303c42be5184994439b3bf -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 1139 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 5398ebda2355cad57be69e19bf098e4202fe259a61270ea9cc274b81f77977ab -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 1140 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id e4f1f987a5fb8db03db049b518fdfe6680b8c83617733de91620948c6bc00c95 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 1150 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 24d231aefec7bde2646ae123758907e5d464973705d8c0cd9d8db67756c19ef2 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 1547 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 4d7ddac790ef53cb30823d45ed4b675d54cf66694833158f8d15f0ba93b93e2c -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 2267 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 72b50ae3cea036f3b51e18bf9b900ccd46399fed052bf51a41bcea735062f413 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 2377 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 2fcb5f2766fc1ff28a8a020c10eb1aff4b1895eb7ade8af65c72bedd0a634ead -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             ├─ 2434 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id d6f43f441495e4a00387114d5d7462bc54b1a592bd41bc1ee1709d16d507633b -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock
             └─27675 /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 -namespace k8s.io -id 2b645f1523cda54eb099d35542d77347071c2cdaef648a7e5559ec01779bac29 -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock

Step 4: For all nodes
Add kubernetes package repository

K8s packages are not available in the default package repositories of Ubuntu 24.04, so first we need to add the repository.

First, download the public signing key for the Kubernetes package repository using the curl command.

curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.30/deb/Release.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/k8s.gpg

Next, add the repository

echo 'deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/k8s.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.31/deb/ /' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/k8s.list

Step 5: For all nodes
Install K8s components like Kubeadm, Kubelet, and Kubectl to manage the Kubernetes cluster.

sudo apt update
sudo apt install kubelet kubeadm kubectl -y

Step 6: For only master nodes
Initialize the Kubernetes Cluster

To initialize the control plane or master node using Kubeadm.

sudo kubeadm init --control-plane-endpoint=

Example:

sudo kubeadm init --control-plane-endpoint=kb1

Output:

As per instruction, run the following commands.

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Step 7: For only worker nodes
Join Worker Nodes to master node

Add worker nodes to your Kubernetes cluster using the token generated during initialization.

Example:

sudo kubeadm join 192.168.0.112:6443 --token yagkiy.650e76uk72jycv1k --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:2f01622e81717582443eac4f206436e7e3bd018e2f23e4197906c22c38df9f14

Now head back to the master node and run

kubectl get nodes

Output:

NAME   STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION
kb1    NotReady    control-plane   10d   v1.31.5
kb2    NotReady    <none>          10d   v1.31.5

The node status is NotReady. To change it to Ready we need to install the Calico network add-on plugin.

Step 8: For only master nodes
Install the Calico Network Plugin

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.28.2/manifests/calico.yaml

After the successful installation of the calico, the node status will change to Ready. To check run the below command.

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

Output:

NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE
calico-kube-controllers-b8d8894fb-rz6zx   1/1     Running   3 (24h ago)   7d21h
calico-node-4klgg                         1/1     Running   0             24h
calico-node-9c9lg                         1/1     Running   0             24h
coredns-7c65d6cfc9-8f26s                  1/1     Running   3 (24h ago)   7d21h
coredns-7c65d6cfc9-sgsvc                  1/1     Running   3 (24h ago)   7d21h
etcd-kb1                                  1/1     Running   4 (24h ago)   10d
kube-apiserver-kb1                        1/1     Running   4 (24h ago)   10d
kube-controller-manager-kb1               1/1     Running   9 (24h ago)   10d
kube-proxy-h5fnm                          1/1     Running   2 (25h ago)   10d
kube-proxy-n9zts                          1/1     Running   4 (24h ago)   10d
kube-scheduler-kb1                        1/1     Running   7 (24h ago)   10d

Now, check the node status

kubectl get nodes

Output:

NAME   STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION
kb1    Ready    control-plane   10d   v1.31.5
kb2    Ready    <none>          10d   v1.31.5

So, finally, we created the K8s cluster home lab successfully.

Step 9: Test K8s Installation

Create and expose an NGINX deployment to verify the setup.

To create a namespace

kubectl create ns

Example:

kubectl create ns demo-app

To check whether the namespace was created or not

 kubectl get namespace

Output

NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   10d
demo-app          Active   10d
kube-node-lease   Active   10d
kube-public       Active   10d
kube-system       Active   10d

To deploy nginx-app with two replica using the demo-app namespace

kubectl create deployment nginx-app --image nginx --replicas 2 --namespace demo-app

To check whether the deployment was created or not

kubectl get deployment -n demo-app

Output:

NAME        READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx-app   2/2     2            2           9m55s

To check whether the pods was created or not

kubectl get pods -n demo-app

Output:

NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-app-7df7b66fb5-9wkds   1/1     Running   0          9m37s
nginx-app-7df7b66fb5-xppqk   1/1     Running   0          9m37s

To expose deployment

kubectl expose deployment nginx-app -n demo-app --type NodePort --port 80

Output:

service/nginx-app exposed

To check the running service

kubectl get svc -n demo-app

Output:

NAME        TYPE       CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
nginx-app   NodePort   10.110.254.203   <none>        80:31809/TCP   50s

To access the nginx application using nodeport

curl http://:

Example

curl http://192.168.0.113:31809

Note: Do not mismatch the port number.
Output:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>